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Nagravision
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Nagravision
Nagravision is a company of the Kudelski
Group that develops conditional access systems
for cable and satellite television. The name is
also used for their main products, the
Nagravision encryption systems.
Digital systems
Three versions of Nagravision are in common use for digital satellite television,
known as Nagravision, Nagravision Cardmagedon, and Nagravision Aladin.
Nagravision Cardmagedon and Aladin are often confused with each other.
Nagravision Cardmagedon is however, a complicated combination of Nagravision
Aladin and Mediaguard SECA 2 encryption.
The decryption unit is either integrated into a receiver, available as a conditional
access module (CAM), or as one of many encryption schemes supported on a CAM
emulator.
Nagravision has been adopted all over the world as a conditional access system,
with providers like Virgin Media in the UK and Dream Satellite TV Philippines (on
Nagravision 1), Polsat of Poland, Digital+ Spain (now on Nagravision 3), TV Cabo
Portugal, Premiere Germany, Digi TV Romania, Bell ExpressVu and Look
Communications Canada and Dish Network USA (On Nagravision A).
Digital+ is the only provider using Nagravision Cardmagedon (and also Nagravision
Aladin) after its adoption in March 2005.
The original Nagravision 1 is now almost obsolete after it was originally
compromised in 1999, although Dream Satellite maintain relative security by
changing keys several times throughout the day, causing great inconvenience to
unauthorized viewers.
The Nagravision Aladin providers have been confronting the issue of satellite signal
piracy and smart card piracy, since the system was publicly compromised in summer
2005. At first, security of the system was regained, with software revisions,
manipulation of the Nagravision encryption algorithm, along with the phasing out of
older cards, like the ROM101 (and ROM102 in Europe) in favour of the newer
ROM130.
Card hackers have, however, continued to compromise the encryption system, with
continued software and key releases being made available to the public. Software
emulation of the Nagravision system has been implemented in many Free-To-Air
Satellite receivers, allowing unauthorised viewing to those who do not own an official
card.. As of the summer of 2008, the next version of Nagravision, nagra3, had not
been compromised.
Analog system
An older Nagravision system for scrambling analog satellite television programs was
used in the 1990s, for example by the German pay-TV broadcaster Premiere. In this
line-shuffling system, 32 lines of the PAL TV signal are temporarily stored in both
the encoder and decoder, and read out in permuted order under the control of a
pseudorandom number generator. A smartcard security microcontroller (in a keyshaped
package) decrypts data that is transmitted during the blanking intervals of
the TV signal and extracts the random seed value needed for controlling the random
number generation. The system also permitted the audio signal to be scrambled by
inverting its spectrum at 12.5 kHz using a frequency mixer.
Like with most smartcard-based conditional access systems, the smartcards used
with the digital Nagravision system were repeatedly reverse engineered by hackers,
which allowed the production of clone cards and "patched" receivers. However, the
analog Nagravision system was the first widely used cryptographically controlled
conditional access system that was broken in a way that bypassed the tamper
resistance of its smartcard entirely and from which no recovery was possible by
replacing all smartcards. The weakness exploited by this attack is the random
seed value that is used to control the descrambling process. It is only 15 bits long
and by the late 1990s, even low-cost home computers with frame grabbers were
computationally powerful enough to try all 215 = 32768 possible permutations of
video lines for each frame in real time. Software decoders were written that selected
of this small number of possible permutations the one that maximized the similarity
of neighboring image lines in the resulting image and displayed the result. The
scrambling of the audio signal was not a cryptographically controlled process and
could easily be undone using the same frequency mixer circuit used for scrambling.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
c/p from another site
Nagravision
Nagravision is a company of the Kudelski
Group that develops conditional access systems
for cable and satellite television. The name is
also used for their main products, the
Nagravision encryption systems.
Digital systems
Three versions of Nagravision are in common use for digital satellite television,
known as Nagravision, Nagravision Cardmagedon, and Nagravision Aladin.
Nagravision Cardmagedon and Aladin are often confused with each other.
Nagravision Cardmagedon is however, a complicated combination of Nagravision
Aladin and Mediaguard SECA 2 encryption.
The decryption unit is either integrated into a receiver, available as a conditional
access module (CAM), or as one of many encryption schemes supported on a CAM
emulator.
Nagravision has been adopted all over the world as a conditional access system,
with providers like Virgin Media in the UK and Dream Satellite TV Philippines (on
Nagravision 1), Polsat of Poland, Digital+ Spain (now on Nagravision 3), TV Cabo
Portugal, Premiere Germany, Digi TV Romania, Bell ExpressVu and Look
Communications Canada and Dish Network USA (On Nagravision A).
Digital+ is the only provider using Nagravision Cardmagedon (and also Nagravision
Aladin) after its adoption in March 2005.
The original Nagravision 1 is now almost obsolete after it was originally
compromised in 1999, although Dream Satellite maintain relative security by
changing keys several times throughout the day, causing great inconvenience to
unauthorized viewers.
The Nagravision Aladin providers have been confronting the issue of satellite signal
piracy and smart card piracy, since the system was publicly compromised in summer
2005. At first, security of the system was regained, with software revisions,
manipulation of the Nagravision encryption algorithm, along with the phasing out of
older cards, like the ROM101 (and ROM102 in Europe) in favour of the newer
ROM130.
Card hackers have, however, continued to compromise the encryption system, with
continued software and key releases being made available to the public. Software
emulation of the Nagravision system has been implemented in many Free-To-Air
Satellite receivers, allowing unauthorised viewing to those who do not own an official
card.. As of the summer of 2008, the next version of Nagravision, nagra3, had not
been compromised.
Analog system
An older Nagravision system for scrambling analog satellite television programs was
used in the 1990s, for example by the German pay-TV broadcaster Premiere. In this
line-shuffling system, 32 lines of the PAL TV signal are temporarily stored in both
the encoder and decoder, and read out in permuted order under the control of a
pseudorandom number generator. A smartcard security microcontroller (in a keyshaped
package) decrypts data that is transmitted during the blanking intervals of
the TV signal and extracts the random seed value needed for controlling the random
number generation. The system also permitted the audio signal to be scrambled by
inverting its spectrum at 12.5 kHz using a frequency mixer.
Like with most smartcard-based conditional access systems, the smartcards used
with the digital Nagravision system were repeatedly reverse engineered by hackers,
which allowed the production of clone cards and "patched" receivers. However, the
analog Nagravision system was the first widely used cryptographically controlled
conditional access system that was broken in a way that bypassed the tamper
resistance of its smartcard entirely and from which no recovery was possible by
replacing all smartcards. The weakness exploited by this attack is the random
seed value that is used to control the descrambling process. It is only 15 bits long
and by the late 1990s, even low-cost home computers with frame grabbers were
computationally powerful enough to try all 215 = 32768 possible permutations of
video lines for each frame in real time. Software decoders were written that selected
of this small number of possible permutations the one that maximized the similarity
of neighboring image lines in the resulting image and displayed the result. The
scrambling of the audio signal was not a cryptographically controlled process and
could easily be undone using the same frequency mixer circuit used for scrambling.
